The aim of this study is to explore the impact of political news posts, interactive discussion factors, and uncivil comments on participants’ online incivility. The moderating effects of cognitive and affective involvement have also been considered. The data have been gathered using self-administered questionnaires from 458 respondents. The results indicate that political news posts having interactive discussion factors positively impacts the online uncivil behaviour of the participants. The uncivil comments initiated by other users also significantly impact the participants’ incivility. The data have also been analysed for the mediation effects. The construct of affective involvement emerged as an effective mediator as compared to cognitive involvement. This study posits several theoretical implications for the literature. The combination of the variables used is also rare in the literature. The findings of this study are useful for behavioural scientists, as the outcomes have a potential to predict the online behaviour of Pakistani users.

CamScanner Abstract This dissertation investigates the interplay between non-oil exports, tourism, and energy efficiency in driving sustainable economic growth in Saudi Arabia, particularly in the context of reducing CO? emissions and diversifying economic activities away from oil dependency. Saudi Arabia, historically reliant on oil revenues, faces significant challenges due to volatile oil prices and environmental concerns related to climate change. The fact that Saudis have traditionally depended on oil revenues leaves no ambiguity about times to come is rather problematic for the country due to unpredictable oil prices as well as environmental issues linked with GHG concentration. In this work, we look at energy savings measures, carbon emissions reduction, and tourism development as means to not only build economic sustainability and resilience but also to create favorable conditions for their operation. The economic strategy of Saudi Arabia, which is in the concept stage thanks to Vision 2030, is trying to get rid of the dependence on crude oil for the economy and suggests making a diverse economy based on renewable energy and tourism. This research focuses on the roles of these industries in facilitating an economy that will be more resilient and less dependent on oil. The research methodology includes a multiple linear regression model capturing hte networks of dependencies between energy efficiency, CO? emission, tourism, and GDP alongside other economic indicators. It ensures that economic growth is sustainable with nature and can be created with the analysis of the interactions and tradeoffs involved in it. The operational expenditures and carbon footprints, the performance of energy efficiency distractions is inevitable in addition to the economic growth it can bring about. Implementation of energy-efficient measures (such as energy- saving light bulbs, thermostats, and appliances) is often associated with reduced carbon emissions (one of the key objectives in the international climate negotiations). Hence, such measures also contribute to the improvement of air quality at the local level, thus enhancing environmental protection and public health. Tourism is posed as a vital factor in economic diversification, becoming a point of robustness for employment and foreign exchange as well. Tourism development, which is substantiated by infrastructure improvement and regulatory reform such as visa facilitation, may considerably boost the participation of the sector in the country's economic growth by way of its contribution to the GDP. The article underlines the fact that smart investments in tourism and eco-friendly guidelines can produce a maximum economic effect and at the same time save the environment. The study brings to light the requirement to integrate the environmental and economic aspects of policies in pursuit of sustainable development. It implies that dealing with strategically sound policies, technology clean-up investments, and taking global environmental action are the factors that may advance the diversification of the Saudi economy. Social organizations employing the government, industry, and academia should be developed to make the shift to a sustainable economic system more rapid. This research provides us with a useful example of what transition strategies Saudi Arabia uses as a contribution to the sustainability policies domain. It serves as a lens to these developing countries, of similar economic structures, to look into ways in which they can exploit this complicated trade-off between diversification of economies and environmental sustainability. A monitoring mechanism should be established to investigate the implementation and outcomes of these packages of measures, ensuring they will contribute to long-term economic stability and the environment. Keywords: Sustainable Economic Growth, Non-Oil Exports, Tourism Development, Energy Efficiency, CO? Emissions Reduction, Saudi Arabia, Economic Diversification, Vision 2030, Renewable Energy, Environmental Sustainability.

This research delves into two fundamental questions: how vertical farming contributes to economic sustainability and how its costs and financial performance compare to traditional farming. The economic sustainability of vertical farming is a complex topic with both promising opportunities and uncertainties. The success of vertical farming relies on achieving high yields to counterbalance the high costs of starting and operating the farms. Although vertical farming projects are focused on attracting funds from various stakeholders due to their innovation, uncertainties persist. The market is driven by the growing demand for urbanization and arable lands. Yet, the lack of standardization in the vertical farms’ arrangements and compositions pose challenges in conducting precise comparisons and benchmarks. This research emphasizes the need for further exploration to identify the true potential and possible obstacles of vertical farming. The review includes the literature that focused on defining vertical farming, assessing its costs, risks, and profitability. This study integrates 40 references, primarily from journal articles, along with multiple referenced sources like videos and news articles, which were used to further support claims made by other authors in the literature review.

This research examines the labor market consequences of international trade for emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) while using the Bayesian panel multivariate regression approach for the period 2011–2023 for a panel of 18 countries. It employs labor market variables such as average monthly earnings, labor force participation rate, unemployment rate, and labor productivity, along with trade-related variables such as terms of trade index, export diversification, and trade volume. While GDP and population growth rates are employed as control variables. The estimates reveal that trade-related variables have a positive and statistically significant impact on labor earnings, labor productivity, and unemployment. Furthermore, estimates reveal a positive and statistically significant impact of GDP growth on domestic labor earnings and productivity whereas population growth negatively impacts both labor market outcomes. This research provides insights for policymakers to follow export-oriented policies to enhance the earnings and productivity of the domestic labor force in EMDEs.

The local content policy encompasses measures governments or organizations implement to stimulate or mandate the utilization of domestically produced goods and services across various industries or sectors. This policy boosts economic growth, fosters job creation, and promotes development by prioritizing local resources and industries over imported alternatives. Within this framework, current research examines the factors influencing local content policies within G-20 countries over the period spanning from 2002 to 2021. This research employs panel data regression analysis, considering variables such as the number of listed companies as an indicator of local content, foreign direct investment, political stability, corruption, research and development expenditure, tariff rates, and exports and imports. The findings reveal an inverse relationship between corruption levels and economic growth with the number of domestically listed firms. Conversely, import volumes, political stability, research and development expenditure, and tariff rates exhibit a positive and statistically significant impact on the number of domestically listed companies. This research provides valuable insights for promoting local content and developing policies to effectively leverage domestic companies for innovation-driven, inclusive, and sustainable economic development.

In this chapter, the integration of diverse discussions from preceding chapters converges into a comprehensive exploration of four pivotal challenges facing Islamic finance both presently and in the future. The chapter systematically addresses these challenges, commencing with a focused analysis on augmenting the role of Islamic finance in fostering financial inclusion. It scrutinizes innovative strategies to broaden access to financial services. Moving forward, the narrative navigates the intricate intersection of Islamic finance and sustainability, unraveling the potential synergy between these two domains and their collective contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The exploration extends to the realm of digitalization, probing how modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain can serve as catalysts for the progression of Islamic finance. Finally, the chapter delves into the imperative of harmonizing the Islamic financial industry (IFI), tackling challenges and proposing solutions to enhance uniformity and coherence in practices. These nuanced discussions not only address contemporary challenges but also underscore their critical role in achieving the SDGs and aligning with the targets of the Paris Agreement by 2030, providing valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of Islamic finance.

The chapter is devoted to the in-depth analysis of the compliance between the Shari’ah rules and digital currency within the context of Islamic finance. The emergent trend of digital currencies, especially virtual based as in the case of Bitcoin, has raised questions on the issue of their compatibility with ethical and legal moral rights. The paper covers core issues like Shari’ah implementation, the utilization of tangible assets, crypto as a medium of exchange and some obstacles in merging crypto into Islamic banking. Besides that, the paper outlines workable solutions for overcoming these difficulties, including the introduction of Shari’ah-compliant cryptocurrencies, the development of a regulatory framework and the need for enlightenment and collaboration. Furthermore, the manuscript will exhibit some Islamic-centric digital currencies, e.g. the Islamic Coin and OneGram, to illustrate that a successful integration into Islamic finance is possible. Furthermore, future estimations consider the implications of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in Islamic finance which brings up both opportunities and challenges. The conclusion calls for ongoing research and innovation spanning traditional as well as digital (cryptocurrencies) in order to achieve Shari’ah harmonization and eventual evolution of the Islamic finance sector.

The announcement of the SDGs in 2015 marked a dramatic shift in global development, culminating in an age of international cooperation where the international community bands together to tackle the world’s most pressing challenges. This chapter discusses the peculiar connection between Islamic financing and the SDGs and focuses on the possible harmony between these two sectors. It emphasizes the need for significant financial resources to advance sustainable development. Researchers argue it is crucial to bring digital technologies together with Islamic finance to reach sustainable economic growth through innovations like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and fintech. In addition, the chapter explains core principles of Islamic finance that conform to Shari’ah, which will eradicate poverty and promote conscientious consumption. Islamic finance opens the opportunity for financially and socially excluded groups, poverty reduction, and environmental sustainability through programs like renewable energy projects. However, SDG integration with Islamic finance still poses some challenges, namely, Shari’ah scholars’ understanding of the SDGs, regulatory and operational difficulties, the necessity for innovation, and measuring nonfinancial benefits. Through case studies, the authors provide pragmatic insights into successful integration processes as well as practical lessons for the concerned parties. The chapter ends by making policy recommendations grounded on active support by governments, compulsory educational initiatives, new interesting Islamic finance products, and shared efforts (or undertakings) among various stakeholders. In short, this chapter positions Islamic finance as a potent catalyst for SDGs, furnishing a sustainable economic and social development framework while acknowledging and addressing challenges on the integration journey.