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EFFICIENT CROWD MANAGEMENT DURING HAJJ: CHALLENGES, INNOVATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Rizk, Lamar
Rizk, Lamar
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Abstract
The Hajj pilgrimage, one of the largest annual mass gatherings globally, presents significant challenges in crowd management due to the sheer volume of participants and the geographical constraints of the event. This literature review explores the multifaceted strategies employed to ensure the safety and efficiency of pilgrim movement during Hajj. By examining historical incidents, current practices, and technological advancements, this review identifies critical success factors and areas needing improvement. Key strategies include the integration of advanced surveillance systems, real-time monitoring, and predictive analytics to manage crowd density and flow. The implementation of sophisticated communication networks and mobile applications has enhanced coordination and information dissemination among authorities and pilgrims. Additionally, infrastructural modifications and strategic planning based on crowd science principles have been pivotal in mitigating risks. Despite these advancements, challenges such as cultural sensitivities, logistical complexities, and the dynamic nature of crowd behavior persist. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation and collaborative efforts to enhance the safety and experience of millions of pilgrims undertaking this sacred journey.