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2026-03-09
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Richard Feynman introduced the idea of nanotechnology in 1959 [227], describing it as the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, where their behavior differs from bulk matter. Nanoparticles (NPs), typically 1–100 nanometers (nm) (https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline">1 nm=10−9 m), exhibit unique properties due to their scale. According to the European Commission (2011/696/EU), a substance qualifies as a nanoparticle if at least 50% of its particles are under 100 nm. At this scale, surface forces like van der Waals interactions dominate, and gravity becomes negligible. These characteristics make nanotechnology valuable across multiple industries.
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Numerical Methods in Porous Media MATLAB® and Python Approaches